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Financial nature of entrepreneurship

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  • Fjáröflun, hefjum starfsemi
CoursesFinancial nature of entrepreneurshipFjáröflun, hefjum starfsemi
  • Áfangi 7: Fjáröflun, hefjum starfsemi

    Þessi áfangi miðar að því að veita innsýn í fjármögnun hins opinbera og einkaaðila sem og viðskiptatækifæri fyrir hugsanlega frumkvöðla. Einnig munu þátttakendur læra um reglugerðar umhverfi fyrirtækja sem og hvernig á að þróa fjárhagslega hagkvæmniáætlun.

    5
    • Lecture1.1
      Að stofna fyrirtæki í Evrópu og ræða um skattamál, lagalegar forsendur og félagsleg framlög
    • Lecture1.2
      Tækifæri fyrir konur og framleiðsla afurða
    • Lecture1.3
      Gagnleg aðföng og aðgengi að fjármagni í landinu
    • Lecture1.4
      Að gera fjárhagsáæltun
    • Quiz1.1
      Fjáröflun, hefjum starfsemi – Mat á námsefni 10 questionsFinal

    Að stofna fyrirtæki í Evrópu og ræða um skattamál, lagalegar forsendur og félagsleg framlög

    Heimild: rawpixel

    Það er margt líkt með löndum Evrópu þegar kemur að frumkvöðlafyrirtækjum. En auðvitað eru til ólík kerfi í mismunandi löndum. Þessi kennslustund mun gefa gagnleg dæmi fyrir frumkvöðlafyrirtæki um skattamál, mismunandi tegundir fyrirtækja og félagsleg framlög í Evrópu. Fjölþjóðleg samtök eins og framkvæmdastjórn Evrópusambandsins og OECD hafa safnað gagnlegum upplýsingum um skatta og önnur mikilvæg kerfi í aðildarlöndum sínum sem notuð verða til útskýringar í þessum áfanga.

    Til að hefja kennslustundina er stutt lýsing á því hvað það þýðir að stofna fyrirtæki í Evrópu.

    Skilgreiningin á að stofna fyrirtæki er sú sama og fyrir frumkvöðlafyrirtæki samkvæmt OECD. Það leggur áherslu á kraftmikla og kvika frumkvöðlastarfsemi og beinir athyglinni að athöfnum frumkvöðulsins, frekar en áformum hennar eða því framboði sem afurð frumkvöðulsins er ætlað að uppfylla. 

    Nánari skilgreiningar hafa lýst starfi frumkvöðulsins sem ferli við að hanna, stofna og reka nýtt fyrirtæki, en oft er átt við fremur lítið fyrirtæki, eða sem „getu og vilji til að þróa, skipuleggja og stjórna rekstir ásamt þeirri áhættu sem það hefur í för með sér að afla fjár.”

    Heimild: insplash

    Helstu ástæðurnar fyrir því að fólk stofnar fyrirtæki má segja að séu nokkuð þekktar. OECD hefur gefið upp helstu ástæður bæði karla og kvenna til að stofna fyrirtæki:

    1. Að fást við áhugamál sitt
    2. Að afla fjár

    Að fást við áhugamálið sitt
    Konur                                                   Karlar

    Skattar á fyrirtæki í Evrópu

    Til eru talsvert mismunandi kerfi skatta og stuðningsaðgerða fyrir lítil fyrirtæki um alla Evrópu. Alþjóðleg eða evrópsk samtök halda utan um stuðninginn á meðan þjóðríkin sjá um skattamálin. Helstu samtökin eru OECD[1] og Eruostat[2] sem er hagstofa ESB og um leið EES.

     

    Eruostat hefur kynnt rannsókn sína á skattareglum [3] og kostnað við s.k. SME’s (Smáar og meðalstórar einingar/Small and Medium sized Enterprises) í Evrópu. Í rannsókninni kemur fram að skattar eru hærri fyrir lítil og meðalstór í samanburði við stærri fyrirtæki. Mikilvægustu skattarnir sem lagðir eru á fyrirtæki eru VSK (virðisaukaskattur) tekjuskattur og launaskattur. Það er mikilvægt fyrir frumkvöðulinn að leita sér þekkingar á skattkerfinu í sínu landi. OECD rekur skattagrunn á netinu fyrir aðildarlönd sín. Það er mjög gagnlegt að fara á vefinn og komast að því hvernig skattkerfið í á þínu landi er byggt upp.

     

    Lögform fyrirtækja í Evrópu

    OECD og ESB búa yfir viðamiklum og gagnlegum upplýsingum um lýðfræði evrópskra fyrirtækja á vefsíðum sínum. Meðal áhugaverðra upplýsinga sem þar er að finna eru um  lögform fyrirtækja. Eruostat býður upp á upplýsingar um tölfræði sem varða viðskipti á vefsíðu sinni, þar á meðal kafla um frumkvöðlastarf. Samkvæmt OECD: „Algengustu viðskiptaformin eru einyrkjar, sameignarfélag, hlutafélag og síðan eru aðrar tegundir fyrirtækja.

     

    Hægt er að nálgast það hvernig á að stofna fyrirtæki í öllum löndum Evrópu er að finna á vef Evrópusambandsins[4].

     

     

    Hvert er framlag fyrirtækja til samfélagsins?

     

    Lítil og meðalstór fyrirtæki gegna lykilhlutverki í öllum hagkerfum um allan heim, auka atvinnu og virðisauki í samfélaginu og stuðla að nýsköpun. Lítil og meðalstór fyrirtæki eru mikilvæg þegar kemur að sjálfbærni umhverfis og vexti efnahagslífsins. Þessi framlög eru þó mjög mismunandi milli fyrirtækja og landa og atvinnugreina.

     

    Eftirfarandi línurit sýnir hve hlutverk lítilla fyrirtækja er mikilvægt fyrir fjölgun starfa í flestum löndum::

    Hlutfall starfandi fólks í hagkerfum nokkurra landa fyrir árið 2014, eftir fjöldaflokkunum.

    Heimild: https://www.oecd.org/industry/C-MIN-2017-8-EN.pdf

    Það má fullyrða að lítil fyrirtæki eru meðal mikilvægustu fyrirtækjanna í hverju landi. Það er því mjög mikilvægt að hvetja fólk til að stofna fyrirtæki í kringum áhugaverða hugmynd.

     

    Next Tækifæri fyrir konur og framleiðsla afurða

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