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Financial nature of entrepreneurship

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  • Fjáröflun, hefjum starfsemi
CoursesFinancial nature of entrepreneurshipFjáröflun, hefjum starfsemi
  • Áfangi 7: Fjáröflun, hefjum starfsemi

    Þessi áfangi miðar að því að veita innsýn í fjármögnun hins opinbera og einkaaðila sem og viðskiptatækifæri fyrir hugsanlega frumkvöðla. Einnig munu þátttakendur læra um reglugerðar umhverfi fyrirtækja sem og hvernig á að þróa fjárhagslega hagkvæmniáætlun.

    5
    • Lecture1.1
      Að stofna fyrirtæki í Evrópu og ræða um skattamál, lagalegar forsendur og félagsleg framlög
    • Lecture1.2
      Tækifæri fyrir konur og framleiðsla afurða
    • Lecture1.3
      Gagnleg aðföng og aðgengi að fjármagni í landinu
    • Lecture1.4
      Að gera fjárhagsáæltun
    • Quiz1.1
      Fjáröflun, hefjum starfsemi – Mat á námsefni 10 questionsFinal

    Að gera fjárhagsáæltun

    Fjármögnun fyrirtækisins er eitt mikilvægasta verkefni frumkvöðulsins. Viðskiptahugmyndin á bak við bæði venjulegt fyrirtæki og frumkvöðlafyrirtæki getur verið aðal hvatinn fyrir starfsemina. En það eru mörg önnur viðfangsefni sem þarf að huga að. Þessi kennslustund fjallar um fjárhagsáætlun sem frumkvöðullinn þarf að gera. Af hverju er þessi áætlun svona mikilvæg? Hvernig getur þessi áætlun hjálpað frumkvöðlinum í starfi sínu?

    Hvað er fjárhagsáætlun?

     

    Drög að fjárhagsáætlun er lokaskrefið við að skrifa viðskiptaáætlun. Áætlunin inniheldur áætlað kostnaðar- og tekjuyfirlit næstu þrjú til fimm árin ásamt því að byggja upp sjóðsstreymisyfirlit. Efnahagsreikningur er oft hafður með ásamt áætlun um hvenær tekjur verða hærri en gjöld. Fjárhagsáætlunin er mikilvæg, því hún tekur á fjárhagslegum markmiðum fyrirtækisins.

    Þar að auki er fjárhagsáætlunin mikilvæg heimild þegar frumkvöðullinn metur hagkvæmni fyrirtækisins.

     

    Fjöldi vefsvæða er að finna á vefnum og gefur til kynna mikilvægi fjárhagsáætlunar fyrir frumkvöðla. Það er mikilvægt að átta sig á mikilvægi þessarar áætlunar:

    Fjárhagsáætlun er „það ferli sem notast er við til að áætla nauðsynlegt aðgengi að fjármagni og ákvarða hvað það kostar að ná markmiðum fyrirtækisin.“ Ekki er hægt að leggja nógu mikla áherslu á mikilvægi fjárhagsáætlunar, til dæmis er það hentugt við:

    • Tryggja nægilegt fé til að halda fyrirtækinu gangandi
    • Hafa viðunandi tekjur til að mæta kostnaði við reksturinn
    • Sjá til þess að frumkvöðullinn hefur vissa hugarró þegar kemur að óvissu í efnahagsmálum fyrirtækis hans
    • Tryggja stöðugleika í rekstri fyrirtækisins
    • Vinna að stöðugum vexti fyrirtækisins

    Vefsíður á íslensku sem innihalda eyðublöð fyrir frumkvöðla, svo sem fjármálaáætlun eru:

    • Nýsköpunarmiðstöð Íslands (vefsíðan er opin)[1].
    • Excel.is er með fjölda eyðublaða sem eru án endurgjalds[2].

    Helstu aðferðir við bókhald og tæki til greininga á rekstri

    Meginreglur við bókhald[1] hafa verið þróaðar í gegnum tímann. Þessar meginreglur eru grundvöllur þess hvernig farið er að reikningsskila stöðlum og hvernig er unnið að því. Reikningar fyrirtækisins eru helsta og besta tækið til að fylgjast með afkomu þess. Bókhaldskerfinu er í grundvallaratriðum skipt á milli tveggja tegunda reikninga. 1) Kostnaður og tekjur og 2) eignir, skuldir og eigið fé.

     

    Fyrri gerðin nær til tekna fyrirtækisins og kostnaðar við reksturinn.

    Munurinn á tekjum og kostnaði er hagnaður rakstrarins. Hagnaðurinn bætir við eigið fé og gefur til kynna eignarhlut eigenda fyrirtækisins.

    Greining á kostnaði og afkomu er oft notuð til að bera saman tvo eða fleiri fjárfestingarkosti. Frumkvöðullinn

    gerir kostnaðar- og hagnaðar greiningu áður en hann velur nýtt verkefni til að meta og bera saman hugsanlegan ávinning (tekjur) og kostnað sem fyrirtækið kann að skapa ef það tekur að sér ákveði verkefni og lýkur því. Niðurstaða greiningarinnar gagnast við að ákvarða hvort það sé fjárhagslega mögulegt fyrir fyrirtækið að hefja hið greinda verkefni eða ekki.

    Source: pixabay

    Heimild: https://pixabay.com/photos/audit-accounting-ledger-figures-4190945/

    Í dæminu reiknar frumkvöðullinn með tekjum af verkefni 1 sem 12K þús. kr. og kostnaðurinn er 8K þús. kr.. Í verkefni 2 eru tekjurnar 20K þús. kr. og kostnaðurinn 11K þús. kr.. Kostnaður/ ávinningur hlutfall er 1,5 í verkefni 1 og 1,81 í verkefni 2. frumkvöðullinn myndi líklega velja verkefni 2 þar sem hlutfallið er hærra.

     

    Prev Gagnleg aðföng og aðgengi að fjármagni í landinu
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